Flash-heating vs Flash-pasteurizing

순간 가열 (FH) is a low-tech method of pasteurizing human milk that was developed for HIV-positive mothers in developing countries who had no safe nor affordable alternatives for feeding their infants.1 연구2 3 Israel-Ballard가 이끄는 연구팀에 의해,4 5 6 have shown that FH 모유 inactivates HIV and 4 일반적인 박테리아.7 The World Health Organization supports expressing and heat-treating milk of those who are HIV positive for temporary feeding during an emergency and when no other safe options are available.8

Flash-heating is however not to be confused with flash-pasteurizing (FP), which is a commercial process. Both are forms of High-Temperature Short Time (HTST) Pasteurization, but flash-pasteurizing requires special equipment whereas flash heating does not.9 FP involves heating to exactly 72ºC/161.5ºF for 15 초. This process is followed by the dairy industry and is an officially accepted method of pasteurization. 10 11 Flash-pasteurization of human milk has been demonstrated to inactivate bacteria as well as certain important pathogenic viruses, specifically HIV, HTLV, HBV and HCV, and CMV.12

While the temperature of milk when FH typically reaches 72ºC/161.5ºF,13 this is not as accurate as with the FP process. In a home setting, the time and temperature are not easily controlled, nor are milk and water volumes.

For instance, the temperature of human milk when using FH will greatly vary depending on altitude and atmospheric pressure. Water boils at 100ºC/212ºF at sea level, but the higher the altitude, the lower the boiling point of water.14 Using FH at home and removing the milk from the heat when the water boils will thus not always result in the milk attaining exactly 72ºC/161.5ºF, the safe temperature needed for flash pasteurization. We do not know how heat-treating milk at 71ºC for instance affects the viral load, except for HIV (see below).

Another aspect is that, contrary to FP where the temperature is held for 15 초, the whole process of FH takes about 5 분. Holding the milk at a precise temperature for a specific amount of time is not feasible in a home setting. Both temperature and time are important however when flash-pasteurizing.

While FH has been researched and is proven to deactivate HIV, its effectiveness on other viruses is theoretical. We, as a milksharing network, cannot make assumptions and tell our community that both processes do the same thing. HIV is destroyed at low temperatures (57ºC/134.5ºF) and so boiling water anywhere for any time will result in milk that is hot enough to deactivate the virus. While the positive results of FH might be comparable to those of FP, when it comes to the other viruses, more research is needed to address this directly.

Currently, there is no clear evidence on whether heat-treating breastmilk should be used as a permanent solution.15

For more information on infant feeding and HIV, please see 인체 면역 결핍 바이러스 (에이즈) 그리고 HIV와 유아 수유의 세계적 맥락

다음: Pretoria pasteurization.

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  1. The terms flash-heating and flash-pasteurizing are often used interchangeably. Flash-heating refers to the at-home method of pasteurizing as demonstrated in the Kiersten Ballard-Israel studies. 참조하십시오 Flash heating explanation for information on how this is done. ↩︎
  2. UCBerkelyNews – 급속 가열로 사망한 모유의 HIV ↩︎
  3. Flash-Heating Breast Milk Kills HIV – YouTube ↩︎
  4. Mduduzi N. N. 할머니, 외. 2010. 짜낸 모유의 열처리는 HIV에 노출된 아기에게 수유할 수 있는 가능한 옵션입니다., 감염되지 않은 어린이 6 시골 짐바브웨에서의 월령 ↩︎
  5. Kiersten 이스라엘 발라드, MPH, 외. 2007. 모유에서 HIV-1의 급속열 불활성화 ↩︎
  6. 편집자에게 보내는 편지. 마일렌 패. 볼크, MS, 칼 V. 핸슨, 박사, Kiersten 이스라엘 발라드, 박사, 캐롤라인 J. 기부, MD. J 면역 결핍증 획득. 용량 53, 숫자 5, 4월 15, 2010. 모유의 급속 열 처리에 의한 세포 관련 및 무세포 HIV-1의 불활성화 ↩︎
  7. 케이. 이스라엘 발라드, 외. 2006. 보관 중 급속 가열 및 비가열 유축 모유의 세균 안전성 ↩︎
  8. World Health Organization. 2016. Guideline. Updates on HIV and Infant Feeding ↩︎
  9. 박사. 존 메이, 외. 2005. 라 트로브 테이블 ↩︎
  10. FDA – GUIDE TO INSPECTIONS OF DAIRY PRODUCT MANUFACTURERS ↩︎
  11. Legal pasteurization is a combination of time and temperature as per the 2017 FDA – Grade A Pasteurized Milk Ordinance item 16p Administrative procedures section 1. ↩︎
  12. Fokke G. Terpstra, 외. 2007. Antimicrobial and Antiviral Effect of High-Temperature Short-Time (HTST) Pasteurization Applied to Human Milk ↩︎
  13. Kiersten 이스라엘 발라드. 2007. 모유에서 HIV-1의 급속열 불활성화 Flash heating typically reached temperatures greater than 56Cº for 6 분 15 seconds and peaked at 72.9C.º ↩︎
  14. Manitoba Food Safety Program. Thermometer Calibration Guide Thermometers need to be calibrated when used at higher altitudes if one needed to precisely measure the temperature of the milk. ↩︎
  15. World Health Organization. 2016. Guideline. Updates on HIV and Infant Feeding Those who are HIV positive may consider expressing and heat-treating breastmilk as a temporary feeding strategy under the following circumstances: In special circumstances such as when the infant is born with low birth weight or is otherwise ill in the neonatal period and unable to breastfeed; When the lactating parent or caretaker is unwell and temporarily unable to breastfeed or has a temporary breast health problem such as mastitis; To assist lactating parents and caretakers to stop breastfeeding; If antiretroviral drugs are temporarily not available. ↩︎