Flash-heating vs Flash-pasteurizing

Flash-heating (FH) is a low-tech method of pasteurizing human milk that was developed for HIV-positive mothers in developing countries who had no safe nor affordable alternatives for feeding their infants.1 में पढ़ता है2 3 इज़राइल-बल्लार्ड के नेतृत्व में एक शोध दल द्वारा,4 5 6 have shown that FH स्तन का दूध inactivates HIV and 4 आम बैक्टीरिया.7 The World Health Organization supports expressing and heat-treating milk of those who are HIV positive for temporary feeding during an emergency and when no other safe options are available.8

Flash-heating is however not to be confused with flash-pasteurizing (FP), which is a commercial process. Both are forms of High-Temperature Short Time (एचटीएसटी) pasteurization, but flash-pasteurizing requires special equipment whereas flash heating does not.9 FP involves heating to exactly 72ºC/161.5ºF for 15 seconds. This process is followed by the dairy industry and is an officially accepted method of pasteurization. 10 11 Flash-pasteurization of human milk has been demonstrated to inactivate bacteria as well as certain important pathogenic viruses, specifically HIV, एचटीएलवी, HBV and HCV, and CMV.12

While the temperature of milk when FH typically reaches 72ºC/161.5ºF,13 this is not as accurate as with the FP process. In a home setting, the time and temperature are not easily controlled, nor are milk and water volumes.

For instance, the temperature of human milk when using FH will greatly vary depending on altitude and atmospheric pressure. Water boils at 100ºC/212ºF at sea level, but the higher the altitude, the lower the boiling point of water.14 Using FH at home and removing the milk from the heat when the water boils will thus not always result in the milk attaining exactly 72ºC/161.5ºF, the safe temperature needed for flash pasteurization. We do not know how heat-treating milk at 71ºC for instance affects the viral load, except for HIV (see below).

Another aspect is that, contrary to FP where the temperature is held for 15 seconds, the whole process of FH takes about 5 minutes. Holding the milk at a precise temperature for a specific amount of time is not feasible in a home setting. Both temperature and time are important however when flash-pasteurizing.

While FH has been researched and is proven to deactivate HIV, its effectiveness on other viruses is सैद्धांतिक. We, as a milksharing network, cannot make assumptions and tell our community that both processes do the same thing. HIV is destroyed at low temperatures (57ºC/134.5ºF) and so boiling water anywhere for any time will result in milk that is hot enough to deactivate the virus. While the positive results of FH might be comparable to those of FP, when it comes to the other viruses, more research is needed to address this directly.

Currently, there is no clear evidence on whether heat-treating breastmilk should be used as a permanent solution.15

For more information on infant feeding and HIV, कृपया देखें मानव प्रतिरक्षी न्यूनता विषाणु (HIV) और HIV and the global context of infant feeding

अगला: Pretoria pasteurization.

_______________

  1. The terms flash-heating and flash-pasteurizing are often used interchangeably. Flash-heating refers to the at-home method of pasteurizing as demonstrated in the Kiersten Ballard-Israel studies. कृपया देखें फ्लैश हीटिंग स्पष्टीकरण for information on how this is done. ↩︎
  2. UCBerkelyNews - ब्रेस्टमिल्क में एचआईवी फ्लैश-हीटिंग द्वारा मारा गया ↩︎
  3. फ्लैश-हीटिंग ब्रेस्ट मिल्क एचआईवी को मारता है – YouTube ↩︎
  4. मदुदुज़ी न. एन. दादी, और अन्य. 2010. व्यक्त स्तन दूध का हीट ट्रीटमेंट एचआईवी-एक्सपोज्ड को खिलाने के लिए एक व्यवहार्य विकल्प है, के बाद असंक्रमित बच्चे 6 ग्रामीण ज़िम्बाब्वे में आयु के महीने ↩︎
  5. किर्स्टन इज़राइल-बल्लार्ड, मील प्रति घंटे, और अन्य. 2007. मानव दूध में एचआईवी -1 की फ्लैश-हीट निष्क्रियता ↩︎
  6. संपादक को पत्र. माइलिन ले. वोल्क, एमएस, कार्ल वी. हैन्सन, पीएचडी, किर्स्टन इज़राइल-बल्लार्ड, पीएचडी, कैरोलीन जी. चंट्री, मोहम्मद. जे एक्वायर इम्यून डेफिसिट सिंड्रोम. मात्रा 53, संख्या 5, अप्रैल 15, 2010. स्तन के दूध के फ्लैश-हीट ट्रीटमेंट द्वारा सेल-एसोसिएटेड और सेल-फ्री एचआईवी -1 को निष्क्रिय करना ↩︎
  7. क. इज़राइल-बल्लार्ड, और अन्य. 2006. भंडारण के दौरान फ्लैश-हीटेड और अनहीटेड एक्सप्रेस्ड ब्रेस्टमिल्क की बैक्टीरियल सुरक्षा ↩︎
  8. विश्व स्वास्थ्य संगठन. 2016. दिशानिर्देश. एचआईवी और शिशु आहार पर अद्यतन ↩︎
  9. डॉ. जॉन मे, और अन्य. 2005. ला ट्रोब टेबल्स ↩︎
  10. FDA – डेयरी उत्पाद निर्माताओं के निरीक्षण के लिए गाइड ↩︎
  11. Legal pasteurization is a combination of time and temperature as per the 2017 FDA – Grade A Pasteurized Milk Ordinance item 16p Administrative procedures section 1. ↩︎
  12. Fokke G. Terpstra, और अन्य. 2007. उच्च-तापमान लघु-समय का रोगाणुरोधी और एंटीवायरल प्रभाव (एचटीएसटी) पाश्चुरीकरण मानव दूध के लिए लागू ↩︎
  13. किर्स्टन इज़राइल-बल्लार्ड. 2007. मानव दूध में एचआईवी -1 की फ्लैश-हीट निष्क्रियता Flash heating typically reached temperatures greater than 56Cº for 6 minutes 15 seconds and peaked at 72.9C.º ↩︎
  14. Manitoba Food Safety Program. Thermometer Calibration Guide Thermometers need to be calibrated when used at higher altitudes if one needed to precisely measure the temperature of the milk. ↩︎
  15. विश्व स्वास्थ्य संगठन. 2016. दिशानिर्देश. एचआईवी और शिशु आहार पर अद्यतन Those who are HIV positive may consider expressing and heat-treating breastmilk as a temporary feeding strategy under the following circumstances: In special circumstances such as when the infant is born with low birth weight or is otherwise ill in the neonatal period and unable to breastfeed; When the lactating parent or caretaker is unwell and temporarily unable to breastfeed or has a temporary breast health problem such as mastitis; To assist lactating parents and caretakers to stop breastfeeding; If antiretroviral drugs are temporarily not available. ↩︎